Thrombus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:
navigation,
searchBlood clot diagram.
A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the
blood coagulation step in
hemostasis. It is achieved via the aggregation of
platelets that form a platelet plug, and the activation of the humoral
coagulation system (i.e. clotting factors). A thrombus is
physiologic in cases of
injury, but
pathologic in case of
thrombosis.
Specifically, a thrombus is a blood clot in an intact blood vessel. A thrombus in a large blood vessel will decrease blood flow through that vessel. In a small blood vessel, blood flow may be completely cut-off resulting in the death of tissue supplied by that vessel. If a thrombus dislodges and becomes free-floating, it is an
embolus.
Some of the conditions in which blood clots develop include
atrial fibrillation (a form of
cardiac arrhythmia), heart valve replacement, a recent
heart attack, extended periods of inactivity (see
deep venous thrombosis), and genetic or disease-related deficiencies in the blood's clotting abilities.
Preventing blood clots reduces the risk of stroke, heart attack and
pulmonary embolism.
Heparin and
warfarin are often used to inhibit the formation and growth of existing blood clots, thereby allowing the body to shrink and dissolve the blood clots through normal methods (see
anticoagulant).
A thrombus differs from a
hematoma by:
Having high
hematocritBeing non-laminar
Being soft and friable
Having an absence of circulation
Virchow's Triad describes the conditions necessary for thrombus formation:
Changes in vessel wall morphology (e.g. trauma,
atheroma)
Changes in blood flow through the vessel (e.g.
valvulitis,
aneurysm)
Changes in blood composition (e.g.
leukaemia, hypercoagulability disorders)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (
DIC) involves widespread microthrombi formation throughout the majority of the blood vessels. This is due to excessive consumption of coagulation factors and
fibrinolysis using all of the body's available
platelets and clotting factors. The end result is ischaemic necrosis of the affected tissue/organs and spontaneous bleeding due to the lack of clotting factors. Causes are
septicaemia, acute
leukaemia,
shock, snake bites or severe trauma. Treatment involves the use of fresh, frozen plasma to restore the level of clotting factors in the blood.